Purpose: Poor aqueous SOLUBILITY hampers the development of several compounds as pharmacological agents. Hence, preparing novel formulations with augmented absorption is a challenge in pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, we have examined the effect of basic amino acids including arginine (ARG), lysine (LYS), and glucosamine (GlucN) on the SOLUBILITY of IBUPROFEN (IBU) and piroxicam (PXM) as drugs with limited SOLUBILITY. We have also studied the effect of the dissolution media with the pH values 1. 2 to 7. 4. Methods: The saturation shake-flask method was used for SOLUBILITY studies in the presence of amino acids. Briefly, buffer solutions containing different concentrations of amino acids were prepared. Then, an excess amount of each drug with these buffers was shaken to reach equilibrium. After 48 hours, the upper phase was separated, and SOLUBILITY was calculated by reading their UV-Vis absorbance. Results: The results illustrated that amino acids increased SOLUBILITY of both drugs with different ratios, which were pH and concentration-dependent. SOLUBILITY improved as the amount of amino acids went up, and this upward pattern was more robust with ARG than LYS. The presence of GlucN in citrate buffer significantly enhanced IBU SOLUBILITY. The SOLUBILITY of PXM in accompany of GlucN in water did not change significantly while in citrate buffer SOLUBILITY enhanced specially at pH 6. Conclusion: Overall, GlucN in citrate buffer and ARG in phosphate buffer could be introduced as the most suitable media for IBU and PXM SOLUBILITY improvement, respectively.

Introduction: More than 40% of the newly developed drugs pose a problem of aqueous inSOLUBILITY which  is  a  major  challenge  for  pharmaceutical  scientists  since  in  this  form;   drug  doesn’ t  show  required  bioavailability  and  hence  sufficient  therapeutics  effect.   Objective: The improvement of dissolution  rate  of  IBUPROFEN  (IBF)  (poorly  water‑ soluble  drug)  by  formulating  its  solid  dispersions  using milk as generally recommended as safe carrier was the goal and purpose of this study. Method:   For  this,   milk  containing  1. 5%  fat  (named  yellow  milk  due  to  yellow‑ colored  pack)  and  milk  containing  4. 5%  fat  (named  green  milk  due  to  green‑ colored  pack)  were  used.   Initially,   both  types  of  milk  were  rota  evaporated  to  obtain  free  flowing  powdered  form.   Then,   the  physical  mixtures were prepared in different ratios by simple mixing and solid dispersions were formulated in different ratios by solvent evaporation method using hot air oven. Various techniques were used to evaluate  and  characterize  the  physical  mixtures  and  solid  dispersions,   which  included  melting  point  determination,   SOLUBILITY  studies,   differential  scanning  calorimetry  (DSC),   Fourier  transform  infrared  spectroscopy,   X‑ ray  diffraction  (XRD),   in  vitro  dissolution  studies,   and  scanning  electron  microscopy  (SEM).   Results: DSC and XRD studies showed reduction in peak intensity of drug indicating the conversion of crystalline drug into amorphous form. SEM studies indicated that the agglomerates formed were smaller and denser with a smooth surface. In vitro dissolution studies showed that the quantity of drug solubilized and the rate of dissolution increase after formulation into the solid dispersions. Conclusion: The milk powder was found to enhance the SOLUBILITY of IBF due to the presence of casein which entrapped the hydrophobic drug by forming micelles.

Previous data have suggested that rofecoxib A Cox-2-specific inhibitor has analgesic effect similar to those of the nonstroidal anti inflammatory drugs when tested in post dental surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the analgesic efficacy of a single dose of rofecoxib 50 mg once daily compared with the four doses of IBUPROFEN and placebo after one visit root canal therapy in endonontic emergency patient. In this randomized double blind, placebo --controlled, parallel group study,60 patients (57% men, Mean age; 28.4) with sever pain in the study defined as 7 and more using a visual analog scale in molar teeth invited to participate. Which was after one visit of the root canal therapy randomly receive a single dose of rofecoxib or four doses of IBUPROFEN or placebo.Analgesic efficacy was assessed for up to 24 hrs (6h, 12h, 24h) post dose using self administration questionnaire. A total of 60 patient were enrolled. 20 receive rofecoxib50 mg. 20 receive IBUPROFEN 400mg every 6 h. 20 receive placebo. The analgesic efficacy of rofecoxib and IBUPROFEN was higher than placebo and this difference was significant. Comparing rofecoxib and IBUPROFEN there was not significant differences but rofecoxib had longer duration of action. We concluded that Rofecoxib was efficatious in control of post operative dental pain and that Cox-2 derived prostanoid play a role in treatment of pain associated with root canal therapy. On the base of our study we do recomment to prescribe single dose rofecoxib per day after Irreversible pulpitis treatment rather than 4 dose of IBUPROFEN.

Introduction: Effective pain management after dental surgeries is one of the most common problems in dentistry. IBUPROFEN is the most common non selective non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. Celecoxib is a COX-2 specific NSAID and also the only COX-2 specific drug available in Iran. Naproxen is a non selective NSAID that is often used for postoperative pain management all around the world; however, it is not the first choice in our country. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Celecoxib, Naproxen, and IBUPROFEN in pain control after periodontal surgery.Materials & Methods: This double-blind clinical trial study included a total of 30 patients who presented with chronic periodontitis and who underwent surgical procedures on the anterior sextant of the mandible. They were randomly assigned to 3 groups of 10 patients. Each group received one of the following medication protocols: Group A: 400 mg IBUPROFEN, group B: 200 mg Celecoxib , Group C: 250 mg Naproxen. Patients reported their pain levels using a VAS (visual analog scale) at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after periodontal surgery. All data were analyzed by SPSS Ver 15 program. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests, respectively.Results: Statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differences between IBUPROFEN, Celecoxib, and Naproxen after 1, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours after the surgery. Significant differences were seen only at the third hour after surgery between Celecoxib and Naproxen and between IBUPROFEN and Naproxen.Conclusion: Considering the lower rate of side effects of Celecoxib its similar degree of pain reduction as IBUPROFEN, and its better efficiency than Naproxen, Celecoxib can be considered an appropriate drug for pain control after periodontal surgeries.

IBUPROFEN solid dispersions were prepared by the solvent and fusion-solvent methods using polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), eudragit RS PO, eudragit RL PO and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) as carriers to improve physicochemical characteristics of IBUPROFEN. The prepared solid dispersions were evaluated for the flow ability, SOLUBILITY characteristics and dissolution behavior. Flow ability studies of powders showed that solid dispersion technique improve flow properties compared with the physical mixtures. Solid dispersion technique found to be effective in increasing the aqueous SOLUBILITY of IBUPROFEN. The dissolution of IBUPROFEN and polymers (PVP, HPMC, eudruagit and PEG-6000) were investigated using UV spectroscopy. Dissolution was carried out in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) using a standard USP II dissolution apparatus. In vitro dissolution studies showed that in the dispersion systems containing eudragit or HPMC, dissolution of IBUPROFEN was retarded, which attributed to ionic interaction and gel forming, respectively. But solid dispersion containing PEG, as a carrier, gave faster dissolution rates than the physical mixtures. Finally, solid dispersion of IBUPROFEN: PEG 6000 prepared in 1:1.5 ratio showed excellent physicochemical characteristics and was found to be described by the zero order kinetic, and was selected as the best formulation in this study.

Background &Aim: This double - blind clinical study compared the pain reducing effect of Celecoxib and IBUPROFEN in patients with severe endodontically originated pain.Methods &Materials: A total of 30 patients presenting with severe pulpally originated pain consented to a single - dose oral administration of 100 mg of Celecoxib or 400 mg of IBUPROFEN.Patients - reported Visual Analog Scale (VAS) ratings of pain intensity were recorded at every 15 min for 90 min after drug administration. Data were analyzed using student's t test.Results: Results indicated that at the 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 min periods, both Celecoxib and IBUPROFEN provided pain relief, but there was no significant difference between them. At 90 min period, Celecoxib showed significantly better pain relief than IBUPROFEN (P<0.01).Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems that Celecoxib has better pain reducing effect than IBUPROFEN.

OBJECTIVES: IBUPROFEN was the first non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which was commonly used for the treatment of pain and inflammation. IBUPROFEN can cause serious gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular side effects especially when used in high doses and/or over long periods of time. NSAIDs have been combined with other drugs, including opioid analgesic agents and glucosamine in order to achieve an effective degree of analgesia with lower dosage of the NSAID. These combination products exhibit a variety of effects on the level of analgesia, which may be sub-additive (inhibitory), additive or super additive (synergistic). Contrastive pharmacological results have been obtained in co-administration of IBUPROFEN and glucosamine. The reason for these contrastive results is unknown. In this study, we tried to understand the reason of these contradictions. METHODS: For this mean, SOLUBILITY dissolution rate protein binding and partition coefficient of IBUPROFEN alone and in combination with glucosamine were studied. RESULTS: The results showed that glucosamine increased SOLUBILITY and dissolution rate of IBUPROFEN. In preparations with 1:1 or higher ratios of IBUPROFEN to glucosamine the protein binding of IBUPROFEN was increased. The peak of melting point was altered in DSC thermogriun that can indicate to formation of complex between IBUPROFEN and glucosamine during process. Partition coefficient of drug decreased in combination form with glucosamine. This is an important phenomenon in permeability of drug through mucus membrane. CONCLUSION: The Above results may be helpful to explain the contrastive results that obtained from studies.